Abstract:
This study explores the ensemble size efect on subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) forecasts of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model. The ensemble forecast skill and its sensitivity to the ensemble size are assessed for the troposphere and stratosphere, and compared with theoretical estimates under the perfect model assumption. The degree of skill improvement in ensemble-mean forecasts with increasing ensemble size agrees well with theoretical estimates in the troposphere. However, in the stratosphere, increasing the ensemble size does not yield as much of the skill improvement as expected. Decomposition of the mean square skill score reveals that the weak ensemble size efect in the stratosphere is primarily caused by a large unconditional bias, which exhibits no apparent decrease with increasing ensemble size. Removing such bias signifcantly improves the S2S forecast skill and ensemble size efect, suggesting that bias correction is crucial for S2S forecasts, especially in the stratosphere.

Keywords:
Subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) forecast, Ensemble size efect, Bias correction

Citation:
Han, JY., Kim, SW., Park, CH. et al. Ensemble size versus bias correction effects in subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) forecasts. Geosci. Lett. 10, 37 (2023).